Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct

Abu Dedo Ilmi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct

Abu Dedo Ilmi^*

Published in Reports (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 20 March 2025 Accepted: 7 April 2025 Published: 28 April 2025

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Abstract

This study presents a comparative evaluation of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—for garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in the Tiyo District of Central Ethiopia. The objective was to assess their impact on garlic growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic viability under water-limited conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each system was tested under four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55%. the results revealed that while CFI produced the highest yield (9.86 q/ha), AFI achieved a comparable yield (8.27 q/ha) with only 50% of the water used in CFI (246.3 mm vs. 492.5 mm), resulting in superior WUE values—58.77 kg/mm for crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and 44.07 kg/mm for irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). FFI, on the other hand, underperformed across most parameters due to uneven water distribution. Economically, AFI recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR = 1.79) and demonstrated the potential to save 28,567 m³/ha of water, which could be used to expand irrigation to an additional 15.12 hectares. the findings highlight AFI as a water-saving and economically viable alternative for garlic production in semi-arid regions. The study recommends the adoption of AFI as a sustainable irrigation strategy to enhance water productivity, reduce operational costs, and support agricultural resilience in water-scarce areas.

Published in	Reports (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
Page(s)	1-7
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Irrigation Efficiency, Water-Limited Environments, Garlic Bulb Yield, Ethiopia, Furrow Irrigation

References

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[2]	Ayele, T.; Workneh, T.; Assefa, H. Evaluation of alternative furrow irrigation systems for water use efficiency in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2020, 12(3), 45–56.
[3]	Geerts, S.; Raes, D. Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agricultural Water Management 2009, 96(9), 1275–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009
[4]	Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). Irrigation Development Strategy for Ethiopia; MoA: Addis Ababa, 2021.
[5]	FAO. CROPWAT 8.0 Model for Water Management; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, 2019.
[6]	Kebede, T.; Alemayehu, M.; Tesfaye, G. Water stress impacts on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and yield: Evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 2018, 93(4), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2018.1452728
[7]	Gebremariam, M.; Tesfaye, K.; Alemayehu, D. Deficit irrigation as a tool for improving water productivity in arid regions. Ethiopian Journal of Water Resources 2019, 11(2), 88–104.
[8]	Hassene, M.; Seid, A. Economic analysis of alternate furrow irrigation for smallholder farmers. Agricultural Systems 2017, 155, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.04.003
[9]	Oweis, T.; Hachum, A.; Kijne, J. Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation for Improved Water Use Efficiency in Dry Areas; International Water Management Institute: Colombo, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535803
[10]	Smith, R.; Pereira, L. S. Irrigation scheduling strategies for water conservation. Irrigation Science 2021, 39(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-020-00689-w
[11]	Tesfaye, S.; Walker, S.; Tsubo, M. Radiation use efficiency and yield of garlic under water stress. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2022, 315, 108803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108803
[12]	Yohannes, D.; Tadesse, T. Climate-smart irrigation practices for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052567
[13]	Allen, R. G.; Pereira, L. S.; Raes, D. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements; FAO: Rome, 1998.
[14]	Araya, A.; Stroosnijder, L. Assessing drought risk and irrigation need in northern Ethiopia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2011, 151(4), 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.11.014
[15]	Rockström, J.; Barron, J. Water productivity in rainfed systems: Overview and modeling approaches. Agricultural Water Management 2007, 90(1–2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.05.004
[16]	Ilmi, A. D., Kebede, A., & Hordofa, T. (2025). Effect of Water Application Level on Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Under Different Furrow Irrigation Systems, in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. 9(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2025.9106

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APA Style

Ilmi, A. D. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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ACS Style

Ilmi, A. D. Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports. 2025, 5(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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AMA Style

Ilmi AD. Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports. 2025;5(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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@article{10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11,
  author = {Abu Dedo Ilmi},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct
},
  journal = {Reports},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.reports.20250501.11},
  abstract = {This study presents a comparative evaluation of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—for garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in the Tiyo District of Central Ethiopia. The objective was to assess their impact on garlic growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic viability under water-limited conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each system was tested under four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55%. the results revealed that while CFI produced the highest yield (9.86 q/ha), AFI achieved a comparable yield (8.27 q/ha) with only 50% of the water used in CFI (246.3 mm vs. 492.5 mm), resulting in superior WUE values—58.77 kg/mm for crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and 44.07 kg/mm for irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). FFI, on the other hand, underperformed across most parameters due to uneven water distribution. Economically, AFI recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR = 1.79) and demonstrated the potential to save 28,567 m³/ha of water, which could be used to expand irrigation to an additional 15.12 hectares. the findings highlight AFI as a water-saving and economically viable alternative for garlic production in semi-arid regions. The study recommends the adoption of AFI as a sustainable irrigation strategy to enhance water productivity, reduce operational costs, and support agricultural resilience in water-scarce areas.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct

AU  - Abu Dedo Ilmi
Y1  - 2025/04/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
T2  - Reports
JF  - Reports
JO  - Reports
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7146
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
AB  - This study presents a comparative evaluation of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—for garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in the Tiyo District of Central Ethiopia. The objective was to assess their impact on garlic growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic viability under water-limited conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each system was tested under four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55%. the results revealed that while CFI produced the highest yield (9.86 q/ha), AFI achieved a comparable yield (8.27 q/ha) with only 50% of the water used in CFI (246.3 mm vs. 492.5 mm), resulting in superior WUE values—58.77 kg/mm for crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and 44.07 kg/mm for irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). FFI, on the other hand, underperformed across most parameters due to uneven water distribution. Economically, AFI recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR = 1.79) and demonstrated the potential to save 28,567 m³/ha of water, which could be used to expand irrigation to an additional 15.12 hectares. the findings highlight AFI as a water-saving and economically viable alternative for garlic production in semi-arid regions. The study recommends the adoption of AFI as a sustainable irrigation strategy to enhance water productivity, reduce operational costs, and support agricultural resilience in water-scarce areas.

VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Abu Dedo Ilmi

Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Jimma Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-0588-3204

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APA Style

Ilmi, A. D. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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ACS Style

Ilmi, A. D. Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports. 2025, 5(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

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AMA Style

Ilmi AD. Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct. Reports. 2025;5(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11,
  author = {Abu Dedo Ilmi},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct
},
  journal = {Reports},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.reports.20250501.11},
  abstract = {This study presents a comparative evaluation of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—for garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in the Tiyo District of Central Ethiopia. The objective was to assess their impact on garlic growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic viability under water-limited conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each system was tested under four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55%. the results revealed that while CFI produced the highest yield (9.86 q/ha), AFI achieved a comparable yield (8.27 q/ha) with only 50% of the water used in CFI (246.3 mm vs. 492.5 mm), resulting in superior WUE values—58.77 kg/mm for crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and 44.07 kg/mm for irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). FFI, on the other hand, underperformed across most parameters due to uneven water distribution. Economically, AFI recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR = 1.79) and demonstrated the potential to save 28,567 m³/ha of water, which could be used to expand irrigation to an additional 15.12 hectares. the findings highlight AFI as a water-saving and economically viable alternative for garlic production in semi-arid regions. The study recommends the adoption of AFI as a sustainable irrigation strategy to enhance water productivity, reduce operational costs, and support agricultural resilience in water-scarce areas.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of Furrow Irrigation Systems for Garlic Cultivation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo Distinct

AU  - Abu Dedo Ilmi
Y1  - 2025/04/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
T2  - Reports
JF  - Reports
JO  - Reports
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7146
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.reports.20250501.11
AB  - This study presents a comparative evaluation of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—for garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation in the Tiyo District of Central Ethiopia. The objective was to assess their impact on garlic growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic viability under water-limited conditions. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each system was tested under four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55%. the results revealed that while CFI produced the highest yield (9.86 q/ha), AFI achieved a comparable yield (8.27 q/ha) with only 50% of the water used in CFI (246.3 mm vs. 492.5 mm), resulting in superior WUE values—58.77 kg/mm for crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and 44.07 kg/mm for irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). FFI, on the other hand, underperformed across most parameters due to uneven water distribution. Economically, AFI recorded the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR = 1.79) and demonstrated the potential to save 28,567 m³/ha of water, which could be used to expand irrigation to an additional 15.12 hectares. the findings highlight AFI as a water-saving and economically viable alternative for garlic production in semi-arid regions. The study recommends the adoption of AFI as a sustainable irrigation strategy to enhance water productivity, reduce operational costs, and support agricultural resilience in water-scarce areas.

VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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